Atwater’s most unsettling discovery – to himself as much as to the world at large – was that alcohol was an especially rich source of calories, and thus an efficient fuel. As the son of a clergyman and a teetotaler himself, he was appalled to report it, but as a diligent scientist he felt his first duty was to the truth, however awkward. In consequence, he was swiftly disowned by his own, devoutly Methodist university and its already scornful president.