We are conscious of ourselves because we are conscious of others; and in an analogous manner, we are conscious of others because in our relationship to ourselves we are the same as others in their relationship to us. I am aware of myself only to the extent that I am as another for myself.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

Lev S. Vygotsky Quotes

A child’s greatest achievements are possible in play, achievements that tomorrow will become her basic level of real action.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

The teacher must adopt the role of facilitator not content provider.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

Pedagogy must be oriented not to the yesterday, but to the tomorrow of the child’s development. Only then can it call to life in the process of education those processes of development which now lie in the zone of proximal development.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

What children can do with the assistance of others might be in some sense even more indicative of their mental development than what they can do alone.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

Learning is more than the acquisition of the ability to think; it is the acquisition of many specialized abilities for thinking about a variety of things.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

Human learning presupposes a specific social nature and a process by which children grow into the intellectual life of those around them.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

The distance between the actual developmental level, as determined by independent problem solving, and the level of potential development, as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers, is important.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

Thought is not merely expressed in words, it comes into existence through them.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

It may be said that the basic characteristic of human behavior in general is that humans personally influence their relations with the environment and through that environment personally change their behavior, subjugating it to their control.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

Language is the tool of the tools.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

Any human act that gives rise to something new is referred to as a creative act, regardless of whether what is created is a physical object or some mental or emotional construct that lives within the person who created it and is known only to him.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

The specifically human capacity for language enables children to provide for auxiliary tools in the solution of difficult tasks, to overcome impulsive action, to plan a solution to a problem prior to its execution, and to master their own behavior.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

Experience teaches us that thought does not express itself in words, but rather realizes itself in them.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

The only ‘good’ learning is that which is in advance of development.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

A word devoid of thought is a dead thing, and a thought unembodied in words remains a shadow.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

There is reason to believe that voluntary activity, more than highly developed intellect, distinguishes humans from the animals which stand closest to them.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

Writing should be meaningful for children, Y an intrinsic need should be aroused in them, and Y writing should be incorporated into a task that is necessary and relevant.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

Psychology teaches us at every step that though two types of activity can have the same external manifestation, whether in origin or essence, their nature may differ most profoundly.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

We are conscious of ourselves because we are conscious of others; and in an analogous manner, we are conscious of others because in our relationship to ourselves we are the same as others in their relationship to us. I am aware of myself only to the extent that I am as another for myself.

— Lev S. Vygotsky

The individual becomes for himself what he is in himself through what he manifests for others.

— Lev S. Vygotsky
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